Biological Treatment Processes Research Articles

Microbiome structure and function in parallel full-scale aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge processes.

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) are two different biological wastewater treatment processes. AGS consists of self-immobilised microorganisms that are transformed into spherical biofilms, whereas CAS has floccular sludge of lower density. In this study, we investigated the treatment performance and microbiome dynamics of two full-scale AGS reactors and a parallel CAS system at a municipal WWTP in Sweden. Both systems produced low effluent concentrations, with some fluctuations in phosphate and nitrate mainly due to variations in organic substrate availability. The microbial diversity was slightly higher in the AGS, with different dynamics in the microbiome over time. Seasonal periodicity was observed in both sludge types, with a larger shift in the CAS microbiome compared to the AGS. Groups important for reactor function, such as ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB), nitrite-oxidising bacteria (NOB), polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs), followed similar trends in both systems, with higher relative abundances of PAOs and GAOs in the AGS. However, microbial composition and dynamics differed between the two systems at the genus level. For instance, among PAOs, Tetrasphaera was more prevalent in the AGS, while Dechloromonas was more common in the CAS. Among NOB, Ca. Nitrotoga had a higher relative abundance in the AGS, while Nitrospira was the main nitrifier in the CAS. Furthermore, network analysis revealed the clustering of the various genera within the guilds to modules with different temporal patterns, suggesting functional redundancy in both AGS and CAS. KEY POINTS: • Microbial community succession in parallel full-scale aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes. • Higher periodicity in microbial community structure in CAS compared to in AGS. • Similar functional groups between AGS and CAS but different composition and dynamics at genus level.

Efficient nitrogen removal by microalgal-bacterial granular sludge-marimo coupling process

Current biological wastewater treatment processes usually have a drawback of insufficient nitrogen (N) removal, contributing to the ubiquitous eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems globally. To address such a challenging situation, this study explored an innovative microalgal-bacterial granular sludge-marimo (MBGS-MA) coupling process. The process removed 83.4 % of N with the effluent N concentration of 4.0 mg/L. With the growth of MBGS, there was a shift towards genes associated with nitrification and denitrification, and away from ammonia assimilation genes, revealing internal mechanism of the shift of N removal pathway. Contrarily, MA could use gaseous N2 with the N fixing genes in MA enriched, and the genes abundance related to assimilatory nitrate reduction were also raised under the mutualistic interactions between Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria, which was beneficial to achieve efficient N removal. These findings may open a new horizon for developing innovative hybrid microalgal-bacterial processes with the aim of high-efficiency N removal from wastewater.

Ultrasound, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Persulfate in Hybrid Advanced Oxidation Processes(AOPs): A Comparative Study for the Reuse of Sewage Treatment Effluent

Objectives : As the variety and quantity of recalcitrant pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, endocrine disruptors, and cosmetic products discharged into water bodies steadily increase, the need for AOPs following biological wastewater treatment processes is growing. In this study, we compared the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal capabilities of conventional AOPs, ultrasound, hydrogen peroxide, and persulfate-based multiple AOPs on the final effluent of S wastewater treatment plant. The study also evaluated the feasibility of wastewater reuse by examining the optimal operating conditions of the applied AOPs.Methods : The removal characteristics of TOC were investigated based on reaction time, US frequency, and oxidant dosage for the following conditions: ultrasound (US) alone, individual treatments with hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and persulfate (PS) as oxidants, combined US/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and US/PS dual AOPs, and a US/PS/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> multi-AOPs system.Results and Discussion : Only US oxidation treatment at 80 kHz for 60 minutes resulted in a 14.4% TOC removal efficiency. Individual treatment with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> at 174 mM showed 69.2% removal efficiency, while persulfate oxidation treatment at 43.5 mM showed 13.8%. The PS/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> oxidation treatment showed 68.5% removal efficiency at 174 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and 0.52 mM PS, and an 85.3% removal efficiency at 2.08 mM PS and 350 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> conditions. Under the same 80 kHz ultrasound conditions, the combined US and other oxidant treatment resulted in an increased TOC removal efficiency: 87.8% for US/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> at 174 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and 81.9% for US/PS at 43.5 mM PS. Additionally, the multi-treatment with US, PS, and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> showed a removal efficiency of 87.0% at 2.08 mM PS and 350 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and 91.1% at 174 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and 0.52 mM PS conditions.Conclusion : In this study, among the AOPs, the oxidation treatment with US/PS/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> exhibited the highest TOC removal efficiency at 91.1%. The integration of chemical oxidants with US demonstrated significant improvement in TOC removal capabilities, with PS showing superior performance at the same concentration conditions among the utilized chemical oxidants in the multi-AOPs. Although H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> also displayed commendable TOC removal abilities, its oxidation efficiency was lower at low concentration injections, whereas higher concentrations of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> injections proved to be more effective in oxidation.

Assessment of Potential Use of a Composite Based on Polyester Textile Waste as Packing Elements of a Trickle Bed Bioreactor.

Biological wastewater treatment using trickle bed reactors is a commonly known and used solution. One of the key elements of the proper operation of the trickle bed bioreactor is the appropriate selection of biofilm support elements. The respective properties of the bioreactor packing media used can influence, among other things, the efficiency of the treatment process. In this study, the possibility of polyester waste material usage for the preparation of the biofilm support elements was tested. The following properties were checked: adsorption capacity, swelling, surface morphology, microbicidal properties, as well as the possibility of their use in biological wastewater treatment. The tested elements did not adsorb copper nor showed microbicidal properties for bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as well as fungal strains Aspergillus niger and Chaetomium globosum. The hydrophilic and rough nature of the element surface was found to provide a friendly support for biofilm formation. The durability of the elements before and after their application in the biological treatment process was confirmed by performing tests such as compressive strength, FTIR analysis, hardness analysis and specific surface area measurement. The research confirmed the applicability of the packing elements based on polyester textile waste to the treatment of textile wastewater. The treatment efficiency of the model wastewater stream was above 90%, while in the case of a stream containing 60% actual industrial wastewater it was above 80%. The proposed solution enables the simultaneous management of textile waste and wastewater treatment, which is consistent with the principles of a circular economy. The selected waste raw material is a cheap and easily available material, and the use of the developed packing elements will reduce the amount of polyester materials ending up in landfills.

Remediation of sugarcane vinasse using Rhodotorula glutinis or Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: Biomass morphology and its potential technological applications

There is an emerging interest of use biological processes for vinasse treatment generally because they are able to produce interesting metabolites from living cells. Additionally, the production of yeasts with weakened cell wall without modifying its physiological performance would be of great technological value not only to facilitate the extraction of intracellular metabolites but also to increase the biomass digestibility. This study explored the remediation of a glycerol-fortified sugarcane vinasse using Rhodotorula glutinis or Rhodotorula mucilaginosa coupled with the production of valuable residual biomasses displaying a tailor-made weakened cell wall. Firstly, the biomass-bound ß-d-glucosidase activity was selected as a proper cell wall lytic potential marker. Secondly, in vitro-dose response assays with several metal ions showed that the presence of 6 mM of MnCl2 and FeCl3 increased the ß-d-glucosidase activity in R. glutinis and R. mucilaginosa, respectively. Thirdly, the supplementation of those salts to either YPD or vinasse-based media was evaluated. As a result, cells were bigger or even rounder than the corresponding controls (without metal ions supplementation) suggesting a weakening of the cell wall. Finally, as proof of concept, after 6 days of vinasse treatment at 30 °C under stirred conditions, the reduction of COD value for R. glutinis and R. mucilaginosa was 81.3% and 80.8%, respectively. The final biomass, lipid and protein concentrations for R. glutinis were 15.1 g/L, 31.1% and 48.12%, respectively. The final biomass, lipid and protein concentrations for R. mucilaginosa were 15.7 g/L, 31.5% and 48.12%, respectively. Potential technological applications of residual biomass were also discussed.

Global occurrence of organic micropollutants in surface and ground water: Highlighting the importance of wastewater sanitation to tackle organic micropollutants

The occurrence, fate and distribution of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in different water matrices is of increasing concern due to the negative effects towards flora, fauna and human health. This metadata study provides an updated picture of the global occurrence of OMPs in freshwater and wastewater in five geographical regions, and illustrates how socioeconomic factors are key elements that influence the concentration of these OMPs in the different water matrices. The study also aims to provide a collated database of OMPs removal efficiencies achieved by the different biological treatment technologies. Our findings demonstrated that OMPs like acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and triclosan are present globally in freshwater (> 500 ng/L) and wastewater (> 10, 000 ng/L), and at relatively higher concentrations than the other evaluated OMPs. Significant correlations between OMPs concentration in wastewater versus freshwater demonstrated wastewater to be a potential source of certain OMPs to the freshwater environment. This was further confirmed through correlation between OMPs concentration and socioeconomic factors like infrastructure index and governance index in both wastewater and freshwater. These results highlighted the importance of wastewater sanitation to control and reduce OMPs dissemination in the environment. Thus, various types of biological wastewater treatment processes including activated sludge processes, biofilm processes, wetland and lagoon, and membrane bioreactor were analyzed for their OMP’s removal efficiencies. Findings demonstrated that advanced processes like membrane bioreactors (MBR) may not always outperform other low-costs biotechnologies in the treatment of OMPs (e.g., bisphenol A removal by activated sludge with anoxic and oxic zone, AS-AAO was 93% versus MBR at 89%). But rather, the removal efficiency will depend on pollutant properties and certain operational parameters such as hydraulic retention time, treatment capacity, and removal efficiency of total suspended solids.

A Modeling Analysis of Wastewater Heat Recovery Effects on Wastewater Treatment Plant Nitrification

A global shift towards renewable energy production, driven primarily by the challenges posed by climate change, is currently underway. In this context, the utilization of heat recovery from municipal wastewater emerges as a promising green technology. Notably, the advantage of implementing energy recovery in sewers, as opposed to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), lies in the higher temperature of the wastewater and its proximity to potential heat users. Despite these benefits, concerns arise regarding the potential adverse effects on biological wastewater treatment processes downstream of the heat recovery section, particularly during colder seasons. This paper seeks to assess the impact of a heat recovery system along the sewer network on the efficiency of biological wastewater treatment processes. The methodology involves a modeling analysis of a real sewage network in Italy. Under typical northern Italy climate conditions, the results demonstrate the feasibility of heat recovery in sewers for WWTPs designed with a sludge residence time under aerobic conditions (SRTaer) greater than 13 days. In such cases, the nitrification process remains relatively unaffected. However, for lower SRTaer values, a case-specific feasibility assessment is recommended to evaluate the overall process efficiency comprehensively.

An identification algorithm of switched Box-Jenkins systems in the presence of bounded disturbances: An approach for approximating complex biological wastewater treatment models

This paper focuses on the development of linear Switched Box–Jenkins (SBJ) models for approximating complex dynamical models of biological wastewater treatment processes. We discuss the adaptation of these processes to the SBJ framework, showing the model's generality and flexibility as a class of switched systems that can offer accurate predictions for complex and nonlinear dynamics. This approach of modeling enables real-time data reconciliation from experiments and allows the design of model-based control strategies. Through the extension of the Outer Bounding Ellipsoids (OBEs) algorithm, the paper introduces an online two-stage parameter identification algorithm that effectively handles bounded disturbances for SBJ models. Using the OBE method relaxes the stochastic assumptions on disturbances, which may not be satisfied in practice, particularly for biological and environmental fluctuations. The proposed decomposed OBE algorithm separately identifies the switching patterns and parameters of linear submodels, conducting parameter identification in two distinct phases for input/output and disturbance/output submodels. The efficacy of this approach is shown via simulation results validated against both ADM1 and PBM models, demonstrating the proposed algorithm's capability to accurately predict outputs from different biological wastewater treatment models.

Insights into feasibility and microbial characterizations on simultaneous elimination of dissolved methane from anaerobic effluents and nitrate/nitrite reduction in a conventional anoxic reactor with magnetite

Discovery of nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) challenges the conventional biological treatment processes, since it provides a possibility of simultaneously mitigating dissolved methane emissions from anaerobic effluents and reducing additional carbon sources for denitrification. Due to the slow growth of specialized DAMO microbes, this possibility has been just practiced with biofilms in membrane biofilm reactors or granular sludge in membrane bioreactors. In this study, simultaneous elimination of dissolved methane from anaerobic effluents and nitrate/nitrite reduction was achieved in a conventional anoxic reactor with magnetite. Calculations of electron flow balance showed that, with magnetite the eliminated dissolved methane was almost entirely used for nitrate/nitrite reduction, while without magnetite approximately 52 % of eliminated dissolved methane was converted to unknown organics. Metagenomic sequencing showed that, when dissolved methane served as an electron donor, the abundance of genes for reverse methanogenesis and denitrification dramatically increased, indicating that anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to nitrate/nitrite reduction occurred. Magnetite increased the abundance of genes encoding the key enzymes involved in whole reverse methanogenesis and Nir and Nor involved in denitrification, compared to that without magnetite. Analysis of microbial communities showed that, AOM coupled to nitrate/nitrite reduction was proceeded by syntrophic consortia comprised of methane oxidizers, Methanolinea and Methanobacterium, and nitrate/nitrite reducers, Armatimonadetes_gp5 and Thauera. With magnetite syntrophic consortia exchanged electrons more effectively than that without magnetite, further supporting the microbial growth.

Mathematical Model of Oxygen Regime Analysis in a Bioreactor

Purpose. Today, aeration tanks are widely used to treat industrial and municipal wastewater. Assessing the efficiency of water treatment in aeration tanks under different operating conditions is an important task. To solve this problem, it is necessary to have mathematical models that allow to quickly obtain data on the effect of treatment in aeration tanks. The main objective of this work is to develop a numerical box model to determine the efficiency of wastewater treatment in an aeration tank. Methodology. For mathematical modeling of the biological wastewater treatment process in a bioreactor, zero-dimensional material balance equations are used, which are written in relation to the concentration of substrate, activated sludge, and dissolved oxygen in wastewater. The Monod model is used to calculate the substrate oxidation process. The Euler method is used to integrate the modeling equations. A simplified model of biological water treatment in a bioreactor is considered, which makes it possible to obtain an analytical solution to the problem. The obtained analytical expression makes it possible to quickly determine the change in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in wastewater depending on the change in the concentration of activated sludge in the bioreactor. The constructed numerical model makes it possible to determine the dynamics of changes in the concentration of contaminants, activated sludge and oxygen in wastewater during their stay in the bioreactor. Findings. A tool for theoretical evaluation of the efficiency of biological wastewater treatment in an aeration tank is proposed. A numerical model has been built that allows determining the concentration of dissolved oxygen, substrate and activated sludge at the outlet of the aeration tank. Originality. An effective numerical model has been developed that allows to quickly calculate the dynamics of wastewater treatment in a bioreactor and, based on this information, to evaluate the efficiency of the reactor. Practical value. The constructed mathematical model can be useful in the reconstruction of biological wastewater treatment facilities, as well as at the design stage of bioreactors to take into account their operation under different operating conditions. A computer program has been developed that implements the constructed numerical model. The results of a computer experiment are presented.

Research of the process of biological wastewater treatment under conditions of uneven load of the treatment system

The main purpose of the article is to develop a multifactorial model for rapid assessment of the efficiency of biological wastewater treatment reactors. A mathematical model of the process of biological wastewater treatment has been developed based on: changes in the concentration of organic contaminants in the bioreactor over time, taking into account the uneven flow of wastewater to the treatment plant, the process of substrate entering the bioreactor (different amounts may enter at different times). The software implementation of the proposed algorithm for solving the corresponding model problem in Python is carried out. The results of computer experiments on the study of the efficiency of wastewater treatment in biological treatment reactors for different operating conditions of facilities are presented. In particular, such processes were considered with taking into account the unevenness of the load, because the maximum cleaning loads are in the morning and in the evening. The task was solved to simulate a real situation and show how cleaning takes place at the maximum load at a certain time of the day. The results obtained will be useful for calculations in the design of biological treatment facilities or in the reconstruction of existing bioreactors for their prospective operation under new operating conditions.

Towards zero excess sludge discharge with built-in ozonation for wastewater biological treatment

In this study, a biological treatment process, which used a built-in ozonation bypass to achieve sludge reduction, was built to treat the industrial antifreeze production wastewater (mainly composed of ethylene glycol). The results indicated there is a positive correlation between ozone dosage and sludge reduction. At the laboratory level, the MLSS in the system can be stably controlled at around 3400 mg MLSS L−1 under the dosage of 0.18 g O3 g−1 MLSS. Ozonation can increase the compactness of sludge flocs (fractal dimension increased from 1.89 to 1.92). Ozone destroys microbial cell membranes and alters the structure of sludge flocs through direct oxidation through electrophilic reactions. It leads to the release of intracellular polysaccharides, proteins, and other biological macromolecules in microorganisms, thereby promoting the implicit growth of microbial populations. Some bacteria such as g_Pseudomonas, g_Gemmobacter, etc. have strong ethylene glycol degradation ability and tolerance to ozonation. The removal of ethylene glycol includes the glyoxylate cycle, glycine serine carbon cycle, and the glutamate-cysteine ligase pathway of assimilation. Gene KatG and gpx may be key factors in improving microbial tolerance to ozonation. The comprehensive evaluation from the perspectives of cost and carbon emission shows that choosing ozone cracking-implicit growth in wastewater treatment systems has significant cost advantages and application value.

Advances in Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes: Focus on Low-Carbon Energy and Resource Recovery in Biorefinery Context.

Advancements in biological wastewater treatment with sustainable and circularity approaches have a wide scope of application. Biological wastewater treatment is widely used to remove/recover organic pollutants and nutrients from a diverse wastewater spectrum. However, conventional biological processes face challenges, such as low efficiency, high energy consumption, and the generation of excess sludge. To overcome these limitations, integrated strategies that combine biological treatment with other physical, chemical, or biological methods have been developed and applied in recent years. This review emphasizes the recent advances in integrated strategies for biological wastewater treatment, focusing on their mechanisms, benefits, challenges, and prospects. The review also discusses the potential applications of integrated strategies for diverse wastewater treatment towards green energy and resource recovery, along with low-carbon fuel production. Biological treatment methods, viz., bioremediation, electro-coagulation, electro-flocculation, electro-Fenton, advanced oxidation, electro-oxidation, bioelectrochemical systems, and photo-remediation, are summarized with respect to non-genetically modified metabolic reactions. Different conducting materials (CMs) play a significant role in mass/charge transfer metabolic processes and aid in enhancing fermentation rates. Carbon, metal, and nano-based CMs hybridization in different processes provide favorable conditions to the fermentative biocatalyst and trigger their activity towards overcoming the limitations of the conventional process. The emerging field of nanotechnology provides novel additional opportunities to surmount the constraints of conventional process for enhanced waste remediation and resource valorization. Holistically, integrated strategies are promising alternatives for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of biological wastewater treatment while also contributing to the circular economy and environmental protection.

Comparing DNA isolation and sequencing strategies for 16S rRNA gene amplicon analysis in biofilm containing environments

Bacteria are primarily responsible for biological water treatment processes in constructed wetland systems. Gravel in constructed wetlands serves as an essential substrate onto which complex bacterial biofilms may successfully grow and evolve. To fully understand the bacterial community in these systems it is crucial to properly isolate biofilms and process DNA from such substrates. This study looked at how best to isolate bacterial biofilms from gravel substrates in terms of bacterial richness. It considered factors including the duration of agitation during extraction, extraction temperature, and enzyme usage. Further, the 16S taxonomy data subsequently produced from Illumina MiSeq reads (using the SILVA 132 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) database on the DADA2 pipeline) were compared with the 16S data produced from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION reads (using the NCBI 16S database on the EPI2ME pipeline). Finally, performance was tested by comparing the taxonomy data generated from the Illumina MiSeq and ONT MinION reads using the same (SILVA 132) database. We found no significant differences in the effective number of species observed when using different bacterial biofilm detachment techniques. However, enzyme treatment enhanced the total concentration of DNA. In terms of wetland community profiles, relative abundance differences within each sample type were clearer at the genus level. For genus-level taxonomic classification, MinION sequencing with the EPI2ME pipeline (NCBI database) produced bacterial abundance information that was poorly correlated with that from the Illumina MiSeq and DADA2 pipelines (SILVA132 database). When using the same database for each sequencing technology (SILVA132), the correlation between relative abundances at genus-level improved from negligible to moderate. This study provides detailed information of value to researchers working on constructed wetlands regarding efficient biofilm detachment techniques for DNA isolation and 16 s metabarcoding platforms for sequencing and data analysis.

Magnetic γ-Fe2O3/ZnO@CNTs synthesized by a green precipitation method for the degradation of aniline through photocatalysis coupling catalytic ozonation

Aniline is highly toxic and difficult to degrade by conventional biological treatment processes. Thus, more efficient processing technology needs to be developed. Photocatalysis coupling catalytic ozonation (PCO) could be a solution. In this study, a green precipitation method was used to synthesize a γ-Fe2O3/ZnO@CNT catalyst, which exhibits high activity for aniline PCO degradation and strong magnetic properties for rapid separation. Under the optimal conditions, the aniline removal rate reached 93.5%. After 5 reaction cycles, the γ-Fe2O3/ZnO@CNT catalysts can be separated easily with a magnet, and a 91% aniline removal rate can be maintained. Furthermore, there are at least 4 kinds of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in this system, i.e., (1) photocatalytic oxidation; (2) catalytic ozonation; (3) photocatalytic ozone; and (4) Fenton oxidation. Thus, a novel stable and magnetically separable catalyst was developed, and new insight were provided for the role of PCO processes in the treatment of aniline.

Modeling greenhouse gas emissions from biological wastewater treatment process with experimental verification: A case study of paper mill

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been regarded as the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study compares the influent characteristics of industrial wastewater represented by the WWTP of paper mill and that of domestic sewage represented by the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 1 (BSM1) under stormy weather. The various sources of GHG emissions from the two processes are calculated, and the contribution of each source to the total GHG emissions is assessed. Firstly, based on the mass balance analysis and the recognized emission factors, a GHG emission calculation model was established for the on-site and off-site GHG emission sources from the WWTP of paper mill. Simultaneously, a GHG emission experimental model was established by determining the dissolved concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the papermaking wastewater, to verify the accuracy of the developed GHG calculation model. Subsequently, an optimum aeration rate for the paper mill was investigated to comply with the discharging norms. Under the optimum aeration rate of 10 h−1, the obtained calculation accuracies of CO2 and N2O emissions were 94.6 % and 91.1 %, respectively. The mean total GHG emission in the WWTP of paper mill was 550 kg CO2-eq·h−1, of which 44.6 % came from the on-site emission sources and 55.4 % from the off-site emission sources. It was also uncovered that the electrical consumption for aeration was the largest contributor to the total GHG emissions with a proportion of 25.2 %, revealing that the control strategy of the aeration rate is highly significant in reducing GHG emissions in WWTP of paper mills.

New insight on the influence of surface-modified clay cup with stirring effect for bioelectricity production by utilizing septic tank wastewater

The removal of organic particulates from septic tank waste waters is the most crucial part of biological treatment processes. In this regard, the present study explores the potential applications of septic tank waste water treatment (STWW) system in the removal of organic matter and energy generation using Microbial fuel cells. The effect of acrylic varnish coating over the clay cup along with stirring (ACS- SMFC) has produced 70% more electricity than the uncoated clay cups without stirring, with the OCV of 984 ± 2mV, current and power density of 706 ± 5.78mA/m3 and 61.17 ± 0.29mW/m3. The fabrication of the clay cup proves the presence of Niobium and chlorine functional groups in EDAX analysis, which affirms its high electron flow and superconductivity for better electricity production. SEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy affirmed the catabolic conversion of organic substrates of STWW through microbial communities of biofilm on bioelectricity production. Thus the higher COD removal value of 60.3 ± 0.09% was achieved in the ACS –SMFC module by utilizing STWW as substrate. Acrylic varnishing's efficacy on clay cups was confirmed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with prominent peaks between 700cm-1 to 3612cm-1.

Comparative analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes: A Case Study in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea

Objectives:This study compared greenhouse gas emissions from various biological treatment processes at wastewater treatment plants in City A, Gyeongsangbuk-do. Methods:Four wastewater treatment plants were selected by size and treatment process, and flow rate and water quality parameters from 2020 to 2022 were used. The amount of greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide generated was calculated according to the IPCC and Ministry of Environment calculation formulas. Results and Discussion:Regardless of the biological wastewater treatment processes, the greenhouse gas emissions of all plants were higher according to the Ministry of Environment standards than the IPCC method. However, this may be because it was not applied to variables that are difficult to confirm, such as correction coefficients. Among biological treatment processes, the greenhouse gas emissions of A2O were higher than those of SBR.Conclusion:The results of this study can be used to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from biological wastewater treatment processes and prepare their reduction plans.

Smart Strategic Management for the Cold Plasma Process Using ORP Monitoring and Total Organic Carbon Correlation

Assessing oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) is of paramount importance in the efficient management of wastewater within both chemical and biological treatment processes. However, despite its critical role, insufficient information exists about how reactive chemical species generated by cold plasma (CP) in chemical treatment are associated with ORP and air flow rate. Therefore, we aim to identify the correlation between ORP and the removal of organic pollutants when using CP treatment. Additionally, we introduce a machine-learning-based operation to predict removal efficiency in the CP process. Results reveal a significant correlation of over 0.9 between real-time ORP and total organic carbon (TOC), which underscores the efficacy of ORP as a key parameter. This approach made it possible to control OH radical generation by regulating the air flow rate of the CP. This study posits that smart management facilitated by machine learning has the potential to enhance the economic viability of CP feasibility while maintaining overall treatment performance.

Research on the Application and Mechanisms of Electroactive Microorganisms in Toxicants Monitoring: A Review.

A biological treatment is the core process for removing organic pollutants from industrial wastewater. However, industrial wastewater often contains large amounts of toxic and harmful pollutants, which can inhibit the activity of microorganisms in a treatment system, precipitate the deterioration of effluent quality, and threaten water ecological security from time to time. In most of the existing anaerobic biological treatment processes, toxic effects on microorganisms are determined according to the amounts of end-products of the biochemical reactions, and the evaluation results are relatively lacking. When microorganisms contact toxic substances, changes in biological metabolic activity precede the accumulation of reaction products. As sensitive units, electroactive microorganisms can generate electrical signals, a change in which can directly reflect the toxicity level. The applications of electroactive microorganisms for the toxicity monitoring of wastewater are very promising. Further attention needs to be paid to considering the appropriate evaluation index, the influence of the environment on test results, mechanisms, and other aspects. Therefore, we reviewed the literature regarding the above aspects in order to provide a research foundation for the practical application of electroactive microorganisms in toxicant monitoring.